Test Bank For Analysis of Biological Data Third Edition 2020 Michael C. Whitlock

Table of Contents

 

PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

1.0 Statistics and samples

1.1 What is statistics?

1.2 Sampling populations

1.3 Types of data and variables

1.4 Frequency distributions and probability distributions

1.5 Types of studies

1.6 Summary

Interleaf 1 Correlation does not require causation

2.0 Displaying data

2.1 Guidelines for effective graphs

2.2 Showing data for one variable

2.3 Showing association between two variables and differences between groups

2.4 Showing trends in time and space

2.5 How to make good tables

2.6 How to make data files

2.7 Summary

3.0 Describing data

3.1 Arithmetic mean and standard deviation

3.2 Median and interquartile range

3.3 How measures of location and spread compare

3.4 Cumulative frequency distribution

3.5 Proportions

3.6 Summary

3.7 Quick Formula Summary

4.0 Estimating with uncertainty

4.1 The sampling distribution of an estimate

4.2 Measuring the uncertainty of an estimate

4.3 Confidence intervals

4.4 Error bars

4.5 Summary

4.6 Quick Formula Summary

Interleaf 2 Pseudoreplication

5.0 Probability

5.1 The probability of an event

5.2 Venn Diagrams

5.3 Mutually exclusive events

5.4 Probability distributions

5.5 Either this or that: adding probabilities

5.6 Independence and the multiplication rule

5.7 Probability trees

5.8 Dependent events

5.9 Conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem

5.10 Summary

6.0 Hypothesis testing

6.1 Making and using hypotheses

6.2 Hypothesis testing: an example

6.3 Errors in hypothesis testing

6.4 When the null hypothesis is not rejected

6.5 One-sided tests

6.6 Hypothesis testing versus confidence intervals

6.7 Summary

Intereaf 3 Why statistical significance is not the same as biological importance

PART 2 PROPORTIONS AND FREQUENCIES

7.0 Analyzing proportions

7.1 The binomial distribution

7.2 Testing a proportion: the binomial test

7.3 Estimating proportions

7.4 Deriving the binomial distribution

7.5 Summary

7.6 Quick Formula Summary

Interleaf 4 Biology and the history of statistics

8.0 Fitting probability models to frequency data

8.1 X^2 goodness-of-fit test: the proportional model

8.2 Assumptions of the X^2 goodness-of-fit test

8.3 Goodness-of-fit tests when there are only two categories

8.4 Random in space or time: the Poisson distribution

8.5 Summary

8.6 Quick Formula Summary

 

 

Interleaf 5 Making a plan

9.0 Contingency analysis: Associations between categorical variables

9.1 Associating two categorical variables

9.2 Estimating association in 2 × 2 tables: relative risk

9.3 Estimating association in 2×2 tables: the odds ratio

9.4 The x^2 contingency test

9.5 Fisher’s exact test

9.6 Summary

9.7 Quick Formula Summary

 

PR1 Review Problems 1

PART 3 COMPARING NUMERICAL VALUES

10.0 The normal distribution

10.1 Bell-shaped curves and the normal distribution

10.2 The formula for the normal distribution

10.3 Properties of the normal distribution

10.4 The standard normal distribution and statistical tables

10.5 The normal distribution of sample means

10.6 Central limit theorem

10.7 Normal approximation to the binomial distribution

10.8 Summary

10.9 Quick Formula Summary

Interleaf 6 Controls in medical studies

11.0 Inference for a normal population

11.1 The t-distribution for sample means

11.2 The confidence interval for the mean of a sample distribution

11.3 The one-sample t-test

11.4 Assumptions of the one-sample t-test

11.5 Estimating the standard deviation and variance of a normal population

11.6 Summary

11.7 Quick Formula Summary

12.0 Comparing two means

12.1 Paired sample versus two independent samples

12.2 Paired comparison of means

12.3 Two-sample comparison of means

12.4 Using the correct sampling units

12.5 The fallacy of indirect comparison

12.6 Interpreting overlap of confidence intervals

12.7 Comparing variances

12.8 Summary

12.9 Quick Formula Summary

Interleaf 7 Which test should I use?